In the early twentieth century, W. E. B. Du Bois championed the view that cooperatives served as the key for black economic development and self-sufficiency. Monica White aptly writes, Dubois insisted that African-American cooperatives use the Rochdale framework of collective decision-making because it included the disenfranchised and it complemented his socialist leanings and critique of US capitalism. Rochdale principles refers to the cooperative rules started in Rochdale, England in 1844. It went on to have a global impact on the structure of businesses in the relationship between capital, labor, and customers. The principle state: cooperative. Membership is open to all, and it is nonsectarian. Each member has one vote, regardless of how many shares they own. Proxy voting is prohibited. Capital and labor are equals. All profits are returned to the consumer at the end of the year in ratio to their purchases. What cooperative principles did people use before Rochdale? .
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